7. Business Transactions

Narrated Rifa'a bin Rafi' (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) was asked, 'What type of earning is best?' He replied, "A man's work with his hand and every transaction which is free from cheating or deception." [Reported by al-Bazzar; al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah (RA): I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying in the year of the Conquest, while he was in Makkah, "Allah and His Messenger have forbidden the sale of intoxicants, dead animals, swine and idols." He was asked, "O Allah's Messenger, what about the fat of a dead animal, for it is used for greasing ships, greasing the hides (of animals), and making oils for lamps?" He replied, "No, it is unlawful." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) then added: "May Allah curse the Jews, when Allah the Most High declared the fat of such animals unlawful they melted it, then sold it and devoured its price (profit)." [Agreed upon]. Narrated Ibn Mas'ud (RA): I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, "When two people who are arranging a business transaction disagree and there is no proof to arbitrate between them, the seller's word is final, or they may break the deal." [Reported by al-Khamsa and authenticated by al-Hakim]. Narrated Abu Mas'ud al-Ansari (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) prohibited the money paid for a dog, the payment of a prostitute, and the payment given to a soothsayer." [Agreed upon]. Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah (RA): I was traveling on a camel of mine which had become exhausted, so I intended to let it go free. The Prophet (ﷺ) followed me and made supplication for me and struck it. Then, it went as it had never done before. He then said, "Sell it to me for on Uqiya." I replied, "No." He again said, "Sell it to me." So I sold it to him for one Uqiya. However I stipulated that I should be allowed to ride it home. Then when I reached (home), I took the camel to him and he paid me its price in cash. I then went back and he sent someone after me. (When I came), he said, "Do you think that I asked you to reduce the value of your camel's price to take it? Take your camel and your money, for it is yours." [Agreed upon; and this is Muslim's wording]. Narrated [Jabir bin 'Abdullah (RA)]: A man among us declared that a slave belonging to him would be free after his death. However, he had no other property. So, the Prophet (ﷺ) sent for him (the slave) and sold him. [Agreed upon]. Narrated Maimuna (RA), the wife of the Prophet (ﷺ): A mouse fell into some ghee and died. The Prophet (ﷺ) was asked about it and he replied, "Throw it - and what is surrounding (touching) it - away and eat it (that which remained untouched)." [Reported by al-Bukhari]. Ahmad and an-Nasa'i added: "into a solid ghee." Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If a mouse falls into ghee which is solid, throw the mouse and what is surrounding it away; but if it is in a liquid state do not go near it." [Ahmad and Abu Dawud reported it; al-Bukhari and Abu Hatim ruled it to be Wahm (an error) (in reporting it from Abu Hurairah)]. Narrated Abu Zubair (RA): I asked Jabir (RA) about the payment for cats and dogs and he replied, "The Prophet (ﷺ) warned sternly against that." [Reported by Muslim]. And an-Nasa'i added: "except a hunting dog." Narrated 'Aishah (RA): Barirah came to her and said, "I had arranged to buy my freedom for nine Uqiya; one Uqiyah to be paid annually, so help me." 'Aishah (RA) replied, "If your people are pleased that I should pay (the amount) to them, and I shall have the right to inherit from you, I shall do so." Barira went to her people and told them about it, but they refused the offer. When she came back Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) was sitting (in the house). She said, "I offered that to them, but they insisted that the right to inherit from me should be theirs." The Prophet (ﷺ) heard that and 'Aishah (RA) told him about it. So, he said to 'Aishah (RA), "Take her and stipulate that the right to inherit from her will be yours, for the right of inheritance from her will be yours, for the right of inheritance belongs only to the one who has set a slave free." 'Aishah (RA) did so. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) then stood up among the people to address them. So, after praising and extolling Allah, he said, "To proceed; what is the matter with some men who make conditions which are not in the Book of Allah, the Might, the Majestic? Any condition which is not in Allah's Book is invalid. Even if there are a hundred conditions, Allah's Decision is more valid and Allah's Condition is more binding. The right of inheritance belongs only to the one who has set a slave free." [Agreed upon and the wording is al-Bukhari's]. Muslim has: "Buy her, set her free and make the stipulation that the right to inherit from her will be yours." Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): 'Umar (RA) forbade the sale of the slave-women who have given birth to children (of their owners). He said, "She is not to be sold, bestowed as a gift or inherited. He (the owner) enjoys her as long as he lives and when he dies, she becomes free." [Reported by Malik an al-Baihaqi. He said: Some of the narrators have attributed it to the Prophet (ﷺ) mistakenly]. Narrated Jabir (RA): We used to sell our slave-women who had borne (our) children while the Prophet (ﷺ) was still living, and he saw no harm in that. [Reported by an-Nasa'i, Ibn Majah and ad-Daraqutni. Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) prohibited the sale of excess water. [Reported by Muslim]. In another narration, he added: "And hiring a camel to impregnate a she-camel." Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the sale of a stallion's semen (to use for impregnation). [Reported by al-Bukhari]. Narrated [Ibn 'Umar (RA)]: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the transaction called 'Habalal-Habalah" which was one entered into in the Jahiliya era, whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the offspring of a she-camel which was still in its mother's womb. [Agreed upon, and the wording is al-Bukhari's]. Narrated [Ibn 'Umar (RA)]: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade selling or giving away the right of inheritance from a freed slave. [Agreed upon]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the transaction which involves some uncertainty (or cheating). [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated [Abu Hurairah (RA)]: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If anyone buys a grain he must not sell it till he weighs it." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated [Abu Hurairah (RA)]: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade two transactions combined in one. [Reported by Ahmad and an-Nasa'i. at-Tirmidhi and Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Abu Dawud has: "If anyone makes to transactions combined in one he is entitled to take the lower price, or (it is considered) usury." Narrated 'Amr bin Shu'aib on his father's authority from his grandfather (RA): "Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The condition of a loan combined with a sale is not lawful, now two conditions relating to one transaction, nor the profit arising from something which is not in one's charge, nor selling what is not in your possession." [Reported by al-Khamsa. at-Tirmidhi, Ibn Khuzaimah and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. al-Hakim reported it in 'Uloom al-Hadith, from the narration of Abu Hanifah, from 'Amr bin Shu'aib, with the wording: He [the Prophet (ﷺ)] forbade a transaction (combined with) a condition. at-Tabarani reported it through this chain of narrators in al-Awsat, and it is Gharib (reported by a single narrator). Narrated ['Amr bin Shu'aib on his father's authority from his grandfather (RA)]: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the type of transaction in which a security deposit was paid. [Reported by Malik, who said, "It reached me (with mentioning its chain of narrators) on the authority of 'Amr bin Shu'aib that..." i.e., the aforesaid Hadith]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): I bought some oil in the market and when I had taken it (from the seller), a man met me and offered to give me a good profit for it. Then, when I was about to finalize the deal with him, a man caught hold of my forearm from behind. So I turned and found that he was Zaib bin Thabit (RA). He said, "Do not sell it in the place where you have bought it, till you take it to your dwelling. This is because Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade that commodities to be sold in the place where they were bought, till the traders take them to their dwellings." [Reported by Ahmad and Abu Dawud; this wording is from Abu Dawud. Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated [Ibn 'Umar (RA)]: I said, "O Allah's Messenger, I sell camels at al-Baqi'. I sell for Dinars and take Dirhams (for them), and sell for Dirhams, and take Dinars (for them), I take this for that and give that for this (i.e. Dinars and Dirhams)." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) replied, "There is no harm in taking them at the current rate so long as you do not separate leaving something still to be settled (from the exchange)." [Reported by al-Khamsah and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated [Ibn 'Umar (RA)]: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade bidding against one another (to raise the price). [Agreed upon]. Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade Muhaqalah, Muzabanah, and Mukhabarah. He also forbade Thunya unless it was explicit (a known amount). [Reported by al-Khamsah excluding Ibn Majah; at-Tirmidhi graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Anas (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade Muhaqalah, Mukhadarah, Mulamasah, Munabadhah and Muzabamah. [Reported by al-Bukhari]. Narrated Tawus from Ibn 'Abbas (RA), Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Do not go out to meet riders (to conduct business with them), and a city-dweller must not sell for a man from the desert." I asked Ibn 'Abbas (RA), "What did he mean by 'A city-dweller must not sell for a man from the desert.'" He replied, "He should not act as a broker for him." [Agreed upon and the wording is al-Bukhari's]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Do not go out to meet what is being brought (to market for sale). Whoever has done so and bought some of it, when its owner comes to the market he has the choice (of canceling the deal)." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated [Abu Hurairah (RA)]: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade, a city-dweller to sell for a man from the desert; one to bid against another (to raise the price); that someone sell (his product) by canceling the sale of his brother; to propose (marriage) to a woman after his brother has done so; or a woman to ask to have her sister divorced in order to deprive her of what belongs to her. [Agreed upon]. Muslim has: "A Muslim must not offer a price above that offered by another Muslim." Narrated Abu Ayub al-Ansari (RA): I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, "Whoever separates a mother from her child, May Allah separate him from his beloved ones on the Day of Resurrection." [Reported by Ahmad. at-Tirmidhi and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic). However, it's chain of narrators has some weakness. But, it has a supporting narration]. Narrated 'Ali bin Abu Talib (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) commanded me to sell two youths who were brothers. I sold them and separated them (by selling them to different people). When I made mention of that to the Prophet (ﷺ), he said, "Find them and get them back, and do not sell them except that they are together." [Reported by Ahmad, and the narrators of his chain are reliable. Indeed Ibn Khuzaimah, Ibn al-Jarud, Ibn Hibban, al-Hakim, at-Tabarani and Ibn Qattan graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Anas bin Malik (RA): When prices were high in al-Madinah in the time of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ), the people said, "O Allah's Messenger, prices have become high, so fix them for us." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) replied, Allah is the One Who fixes prices, Who withholds, gives lavishly and provides. And I hope that when I meet Allah, the Most High, none of you will have any claim on me for an injustice regarding blood or property." [Reported by al-Khamsah excluding an-Nasa'i; Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Ma'mar bin 'Abdullah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "None withholds goods till the price rises but a sinner." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Do not tie up the udders of camels and goats. He who buys them after that (has been done) has two choices open to him after milking them: he may keep them if he wishes, or may return them along with one Sa' of dates." [Agreed upon]. Muslim has: "He has three days in which to decide to keep them or not." Another narration by Muslim, which al-Bukhari reported as Mu'allaq (with a broken chain), has: "He must return with it one Sa' of any grain but wheat." [al-Bukhari said, "(One Sa' of) dates is mentioned in more narrations than not]. Narrated Ibn Mas'ud (RA): If anyone buys a goat whose udder has been tied up and he returned it, he must return it with one Sa'. [Reported by al-Bukhari]. al-Isma'ili added: "of dates." Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) once came upon a heap of grain, and when he put his hand inside it, his fingers felt some dampness. So, he asked, "What is this, O owner of the grain?" He replied, "Rain had fallen on it, O Allah's Messenger." He said, "Why did you not put it (the damp part) on the top of the foodstuff so that people might see it? Whoever cheats has nothing to do with me." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated 'Abdullah bin Buraidah on his father's authority (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Whoever hoards grapes in the vintage (harvest) season till he sells them to those who make wine from them, has hastily thrown himself into Hell-fire with clear knowledge." [at-Tabarani reported it in al-Awsat with a Hasan (good) chain of narrators]. Narrated 'Aishah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Any profit goes to the one who bears responsibility." [Reported by al-Khamsah. al-Bukhari and Abu Dawud graded it Da'if (weak). at-Tirmidhi, Ibn Khuzaimah, Ibn Jarud, Ibn Hibban, al-Hakim and Ibn al-Qattan graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated 'Urwa al-Bariqi (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) gave him a Dinar to buy a sacrificial animal or a sheep. He bought two sheep with it, sold one of them for a Dinar and came back to him with a goat and a Dinar. So he invoked blessings on him in his business dealings, and he was such that if he had bought soil (of the earth) he would have made profit from it. [Reported by al-Khamsah except an-Nasa'i]. al-Bukhari also recorded it within another Hadith but did not report its exact wording. at-Tirmidhi reported a Shahid (supporting narration of similar meaning) for it from the Hadith of Hakim bin Hizam. Narrated Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade buying what is in the wombs of domestic animals till they give birth; selling what is in their udders; buying a runaway slave; buying (something from) the spoils of war until they are divided; buying Sadaqat before they are received; and the unknown catch (find) of a diver. [Ibn Majah, al-Bazzar and ad-Daraqutni reported it with a weak chain of narrators]. Narrated Ibn Mas'ud (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Do not buy the fish that is in the water, for it involves uncertainty (risk)." [Reported by Ahmad who indicated that the correct view is that it is Mawquf (saying of a Companion, i.e. Ibn Mas'ud]. Narrated Ibn 'Abbas (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the selling of a fruit till it becomes ripe, or the selling of fur which is (still) on the back (of an animal) or milk which is (still) in the udder. [Reported by at-Tabarani in al-Awsat. ad-Daraqutni also reported it]. Abu Dawud reported in al-Marasil as a saying of 'Ikrimah, and that is the strongest opinion. He also reported it Mawquf (as a saying of a Companion, i.e.) Ibn 'Abbas with a strong chain of narrators, and al-Baihaqi held it to the most correct narration. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade the sale of what is in the womb of a she-camel, and the semen that is in the body of a male-camel. [Reported by al-Bazzar and there is weakness in its Isnad (chain of narrators)]. Narrated [Abu Hurairah (RA)]: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Whoever accepts back what he sold to a Muslim, Allah will forgive his fault." [Reported by Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah. Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Both parties in a business transaction have a right to annul the transaction, so long as they have not separated and remain together; or one of them gives the other the choice (to conclude or annul the transaction); so, if one of them gives the other the choice (to conclude or annul the transaction) and then they make the transaction accordingly, the transaction then becomes binding; or if they separate after having made the transaction and none of them has annulled it, the transaction then becomes binding." [Agreed upon, and the wording is Muslim's]. Narrated 'Amr bin Shu'aib on his father's authority from his grandfather (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "The two parties (seller and buyer) in a business transaction have a choice (to annul it) until they separated (from one another), unless it is a transaction with the right to annul it attached to it; and it is not allowed for one to separated from the other for fear that he may cancel the deal." [Reported by al-Khamsah except Ibn Majah. ad-Daraqutni, Ibn Khuzaimah and Ibn al-Jarud also reported it]. Another narration has: "till they separated from their place (of transaction)." Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): A man told Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) that he was being deceived (cheated) in business transactions, and he replied, "When you make a purchase say, 'Deceiving (cheating) is not allowed (i.e. he has the choice to return the goods if he wills).'" [Agreed upon]. Narrated Jabir (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) cursed the one who accepts usury, the one who gives it, the one who records it and the two witnesses to it, saying, "They are all the same." [Reported by Muslim]. al-Bukhari reported something similar from the Hadith of Abu Juhaifah. Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Usury has seventy-three categories, the least one in sin is as that of a man who marries (has sexual relations with) his mother, and the very essence of usury is the (violation of the) honor of a Muslim man." [Ibn Majah reported it in a short form and al-Hakim in a complete one. The latter also graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Do not sell gold for gold unless it is the same amount for the same amount, and do not make one amount greater than the other. Do not sell silver for silver unless it is the same amount for the same amount, and do not make one amount greater than the other. And do not sell that (cash money) which is not present (at the time of the transaction) for that (cash money) which is present." [Agreed upon]. Narrated 'Ubadah bin as-Samit (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Gold is to be paid for with gold, silver with silver, wheat with wheat, barley with barley, dates with dates, and salt with salt, same quantity for same quantity and equal for equal, hand to hand (i.e. payment being made on the spot). If these classes differ, sell as you wish as long as payment is made on the spot." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Gold is to be paid for with gold, both being of equal weight and of same quantities; silver is to be paid for with silver, both being of equal weight and of same quantities. If anyone gives more or asks for more of it, it is then usury." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Abu Sa'id al-Khudri and Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) appointed a man over Khaibar and he brought him dates of a very fine quality. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) asked, "Are all the dates of Khaibar like this?" He replied, "I swear by Allah that they are certainly not, O Allah's Messenger. We take one Sa' of this kind for two, and even for three (of lesser quality). So Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Do not do so. Sell the mixed dates for Dirhams, then buy the very fine dates with the Dirhams." And he said that the same applies when things are sold by weight. [Agreed upon]. Muslim has: "and so is (that which is sold by) weight." Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade selling a quantity of dates whose measure was unknown for a specified (known) quantity of dates. [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Ma'mar bin 'Abdullah (RA): I used to hear Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) say, "Food (may be sold) for food, of same quantities." Our food at that time consisted of barley. [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Fadala bin 'Ubaid (RA): I bought a necklace for twelve Dinars at the battle of Khaibar and it contained gold and gems. I considered them separately and found that it was worth more than twelve Dinars. I told the Prophet (ﷺ) about that and he said, "It must not be sold till the contents are considered separately." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Samura bin Jundub (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade selling animals for animals when payment was to be made at a later date. [Reported by al-Khamsah. Ibn al-Jarud and at-Tirmidhi graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Amr bin al-'Aar (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) commanded him to equip an army. Then, when the camels were insufficient, he commanded him to keep back the young camels of Sadaqah. He said, "I was taking a camel to be replaced by two when the camels of Sadaqah came." [Reported by al-Hakim and al-Baihaqi; its narrators are reliable]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) say, "If you sell anything on credit to anyone, on the condition that you will buy it back for a lower price (al-'Einah), take hold of the tails of cattle, become pleased with agriculture and give up Jihad - Allah will make disgrace prevail over you and will not remove it from you till you return to your religion." [Reported by Abu Dawud from the narration of Nafi' on the authority of Ibn 'Umar (RA), but there is a defect in its chain]. Ahmad reported something similar from the narration of 'Ata. Its narrators are reliable and Ibn al-Qattan graded it Sahih (authentic). Narrated Abu Umamah (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Whoever intercedes for his brother and that one gives him a gift for that (intercession) which he accepts, he has engaged in one of the most terrible types of Riba (undeserving increase in something)." [Reported by Ahmad and Abu Dawud, but one of its narrators' reliability has been doubted]. Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Amr bin al-Aas (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) cursed the one who bribes and the one who takes bribes. [Reported by Abu Dawud and at-Tirmidhi, who graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade al-Muzabanah, which means that a man sells the fruit of his garden, if it consists of palm-trees (fresh dates), for dried dates by measure; or if it consists of grapes (on the vines), for raisins by measure; or if it is unpicked crops, he sells it for a measured amount of picked crops. He forbade all that. [Agreed upon]. Narrated Sa'd bin Abu Waqqas (RA): I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) being asked about buying fresh dates for dry ones. He replied, "Will fresh dates diminish when they become dry?" They answered, "Yes." So he forbade that. [Reported by al-Khamsah and graded Sahih (authentic) by Ibn al-Madini, at-Tirmidhi, Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade selling a debt to be paid at a future date for another i.e., a debt for a debt. [Reported by Ishaq and al-Bazzar with a Da;if (weak) chain]. Narrated Zaid bin THabit (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) gave permission regarding al-'Araya for its sale on the basis of a calculation (of what the dates would be when dry) by measure. [Agreed upon]. Muslim has: "He gave permission regarding al-'Araya (for its sale) in which the household buys its fruit on the basis of a calculation (of what the dates would be when dry), yet they could eat them fresh (from the tree). Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) gave permission regarding the sale of al-'Araya, on the basis of calculation of their amount, for dry dates, on the condition that they be less than five Awsuq, or amounting to five Awsuq. [Agreed upon]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the sale of fruits till they appear to ripe, forbidding it both to the seller and to the buyer. [Agreed upon]. A narration has: "When he was asked about (the words): 'appear to be ripe'?" He (ﷺ) replied, "Till they were safe from damage or disease." Narrated Anas bin Malik (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade the sale of fruits till they become colorful. He was asked what that meant, he replied, "Till they become reddish and yellowish." [Agreed upon and the wording is al-Bukhari's]. Narrated Anas bin Malik (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade the sale of grapes till they become black (i.e. ripe) and the sale of grain till it becomes hard (i.e. ripe). [Reported by al-Khamsah except an-Nasa'i and graded Sahih (authentic) by Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim]. Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If you sell some fruit to your brother and it was struck by blight, it would not be lawful for you to take anything from him. How can you take your brother's money unjustly?" [Reported by Muslim]. In another narration he has: "The Prophet (ﷺ) commanded that unforeseen loss be remitted in respect of what is affected by blight." Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "If anyone buys a palm tree after it has been pollinated, the fruits belong to the seller who has sold them unless the buyer makes a condition." [Agreed upon]. Narrated Ibn 'Abbas (RA): When the Prophet (ﷺ) came to al-Madinah, they were paying one and two years in advance for fruits. So he (ﷺ) said: "Those who paid in advance for fruits must do so for a specified measurement and weight, and for a specified time." [Agreed upon]. al-Bukhari has: "Those who pay in advance for anything." Narrated 'Abdur-Rahman bin Abza and 'Abdullah bin Abu Aufa (RA): "We were getting a portion of the spoils of war along with Allah's Messenger (ﷺ), and some Nabateans (Arabs who mixed with non-Arabs and corrupted their language and lineage) from those of Syria used to come to us and we would pay in advance to them for wheat, barley and raisins - A narration has: 'and olive oil' - for a specified fixed time." It was asked, "Did they have standing crop?" They replied, "We were not asking them about that." [Reported by al-Bukhari]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Whoever accepts other people's wealth intending to pay it back, Allah will pay it back for him. And whoever accepts it intending to waste it, Allah, the Most High, will waste (destroy) him." [Reported by al-Bukhari]. Narrated 'Aishah (RA): I said, "O Messenger of Allah, so-and-so has brought you clothes from Syria. What if you sent someone to him, and you get from him two garments on credit till it is easy for you to repay?" So he sent someone to him, but he refused. [al-Hakim and al-Baihaqi reported it, and its narrators are reliable]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "An animal may be ridden, due to what is spent on it, when it is in pledge; and the milk of a camel may be drunk, due to what is spent on it, when it is in pledge. And the responsibility of spending on it is upon the one who rides (it) and drinks (its milk)." [Reported by al-Bukhari]. Narrated [Abu Hurairah (RA)]: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "A pledge does not become lost to its owner when he does not redeem it in time. Any increase in its value goes to him and any lost must be borne by him." [Reported by ad-Daraqutni and al-Hakim. Its narrators are reliable. However, the strongest opinion is that it is Mursal (missing link in the chain after the Tabi'i) as reported by Abu Dawud and others]. Narrated Abu Rafi' (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) borrowed a young camel from a man. So, when some Sadaqa camels came to him he ordered Abu Rafi (RA) to re-pay the man his young camel. He told him (ﷺ), "I can only find an excellent camel in its seventh year." He said, "Give it to him, for the best of people is he who discharges his debt in the best manner." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated 'Ali (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Every loan, which leads to a benefit, is usury." [al-Harith bin Abu Usamah reported it, but its chain of narrators is Saaqit (containing an extremely weak narrator)]. The aforesaid Hadith has a weak supporting narration, on the authority of Fadalah bin 'Ubaid (RA) reported by al-Baihaqi. It also has another Mawquf (saying of a Companion) narration from 'Abdullah bin Salam (RA) reported by al-Bukhari. Narrated Abu Bakr bin 'Abdur-Rahman on the authority of Abu Hurairah (RA): We heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) say: "If a creditor finds his very property with a debtor who becomes bankrupt, he is more entitled to it than anyone else." [Agreed upon]. Abu Dawud and Malik reported the aforesaid Hadith from the narration of Abu Bakr bin 'Abdur-Rahman, as Mursal (broken chain after the Tabi'i), with this wording: "If anyone sells some goods (on credit) and the one who buys them becomes bankrupt, and the seller does not recover any of the price of his goods, and he then finds his very goods (with him), he is more entitled to them (than anyone else). However, if the buyer dies, the owner of the goods finds his actual goods he has most right to them." al-Baihaqi reported it with a full chain of narrators but graded it weak, following Abu Dawud. Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah reported the aforesaid Hadith from the narration of 'Umar bin Khalda which has: "We went to Abu Hurairah (RA) regarding a friend of ours who was bankrupt. He said, "I shall certainly pronounce judgment about him in accordance with the judgement of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). Whoever becomes bankrupt or dies, and a person finds his actual goods (remaining with that man), he has most right to them.'" [al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic); Abu Dawud graded it Da'if (weak). He also considered this addition of the mention of 'death' to be weak]. Narrated 'Amr bin ash-Sharid on the authority of his father: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Delay in payment on the part of one who possesses the means, makes it lawful to dishonor and punish him." [Abu Dawud and an-Nasa'i reported it. al-Bukhari reported it as Mu'allaq (broken chain from the side of the Hadith collector), and Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (RA): In the time of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) a man suffered a loss affecting fruits he had bought, owed a large debt and became bankrupt. So, Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to the people, "Give him Sadaqah (charity)." Hence, the people gave him charity. However, that was not enough to repay his debt in full. Therefore, Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to the creditors, "Take whatever you find, and you will have nothing other than that." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Ibn Ka'b bin Malik (RA) on the authority of his father: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) seized the wealth of Mu'adh and sold it in return for a debt he was indebted for. [ad-Daraqutni reported it, and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic). Abu Dawud reported it as Mursal (missing link after the Tabi'i) and considered that the strongest opinion is that it is Mursal]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): I was brought before the Prophet (ﷺ) on the Day of Uhud when I Was fourteen years old, but he did not give me permission (to fight). I was afterwards brought to him on the Day of al-Khandaq (the Battle of Trench) when I was fifteen years of age, and he gave me permission (to fight). [Agreed upon]. al-Baihaqi's narration has: "He did not give me permission (to fight), and did not consider me has having attained puberty." [Ibn Khuzaimah graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated 'Atiyyah al-Qurazi (RA): We were brought before the Prophet (ﷺ) on the day of Quraizah. Those who had began to grow hair (on their private parts) were killed, while who had not, were set free. I was among those who had not begun to grow hair, so I was set free. [Reported by al-Arba'a. Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated 'Amr bin Shu'aib on his father'ss authority from his grandfather (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "It is not permissible to give a gift without her husband's permission." Another wording is: "It is not permissible for a woman to dispose anything of her wealth if her husband is responsible for her." [Reported by Ahmad and the collectors of as-Sunan except at-Tirmidhi and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Qabisa bin Mukhariq al-Hilali (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Begging is not lawful except to one of three (people): a man who has become a guarantor for a payment, for whom begging is lawful till he gets it, after which he must stop begging; a man whose wealth has been destroyed by a calamity which has befallen him, for whom begging is lawful till he gets what will support life; and a man who has been struck by poverty, the genuineness of which is confirmed by three intelligent members of his people, so it is lawful for him to beg." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated 'Amr bin 'Auf al-Muzani (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Reconciliation is permissible between Muslims, except one which makes unlawful something which is lawful, or makes lawful something which is unlawful; and Muslims must abide by their conditions (which they have made), except for a condition which makes unlawful something which is lawful, or makes lawful something which is unlawful." [at-Tirmidhi reported it and graded it Sahih (authentic)]. However, the Hadith scholars criticized him (for grading this Hadith as Sahih) because the narration of Kathir bin 'Abdullah bin 'Amr bin 'Auf is weak. It is as though at-Tirmidhi considered it (reliable) due to its many chains of narration. Ibn Hibban declared the aforesaid Hadith to be Sahih (authentic) from the narration of Abu Hurairah (RA). Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "One must not prevent his neighbor from fixing a wooden peg in his wall." Abu Hurairah (RA) then said, "Why do I see you turning away (averse to this Sunnah)? I swear by Allah that I will always narrate it to you." [Agreed upon]. Narrated Abu Humaid as-Sa'idi (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "It is not lawful for a person to take his brother's stick except if he is pleased with such." [Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim reported it in their two Sahih books]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Delay in payment by a rich man is injustice. So, if one of you is referred for payment to a wealthy man he should accept the reference." [Agreed upon]. A narration by Ahmad has: "And if anyone is referred to another, let him accept that." Narrated Jabir (RA): A man from among us died, so we washed, embalmed and shrouded him. We then brought him to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) and asked him to pray over him. He went forward some steps and then asked, "Does he have any debt against him?" We replied, "Two Dinars." He turned away, but Abu Qatada (RA) took upon himself the bearing of them. We then came to him (again) (ﷺ) and Abu Qatada (RA) said: "I shall discharge the two Dinars." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) thereupon said, "[Will you be responsible for paying them as] a right to the creditor; and the dead man will then be free from them?" He replied, "Yes." So, he prayed over him. [Reported by Ahmad, Abu Dawud, and an-Nasa'i. Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): A man who had died in debt would be brought to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) and he would ask, "Has he left anything to discharge his debt?" If he was told that he left enough he would pray over him. Otherwise, he would say, "Pray over your companion." Then, when Allah brought the conquests (of other lands) at his hands he said, "I am closer to the believers than their own selves. So, whoever dies leaving a debt, the responsibility for repaying it shall be upon me." [Agreed upon]. A narration by al-Bukhari has: "Whoever dies and leavings nothing to discharge his debt..." Narrated 'Amr bin Shu'aib on his father's authority from his grandfather (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "No surety is allowed regarding a prescribed punishment." [Reported by al-Baihaqi with a Da'if (weak) chain of narrators]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Allah, the Most High, said, 'I am the third (partner) of two partners as long as one of them does not cheat the his companion. Then, if he cheats (his partner) I depart from them.'" [Reported by Abu Dawud and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated as-Saib al-Makhzumi (RA): That he was the partner of the Prophet (ﷺ) before the Prophethood. Then, he came (to Makkah) on the day of the Conquest (of Makkah), and he (the Prophet) said: "Welcome to my brother and partner." [Reported by Ahmad, Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah]. Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud (RA): "Ammar, Sa'd and I agrred to be partners in whatever we would get (from the spoils of war) on the day of Badr." The narrator quoted the rest of the Hadith which concludes: "Then Sa'd brought two captives, but neither Ammar nor I brought anything." [Reported by an-Nasa'i and others]. Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah (RA): I intended to go to Khaibar, so I went to the Prophet (ﷺ) and he said, "When you meet my agent at Khaibar take fifteen Wasq (of dates) from him." [Abu Dawud reported and graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated 'Urwa al-Bariqi (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) sent him with a Dinar to buy a sacrificial animal for him. [The reporter mentioned the rest of the Hadith. al-Bukhari reported it in the context of another previously mentioned Hadith]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): "Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) sent 'Umar to collect the Sadaqah." The reported mentioned the rest of the Hadith. [Agreed upon]. Narrated Jabir (RA): "The Prophet (ﷺ) slaughtered sixty-three (sacrificial) camels and ordered 'Ali to slaughter the remainder [thirty-seven]." The reported mentioned the rest of the Hadith. [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA) regarding the story of the hired servant: The Prophet (ﷺ) said: 'Unais, go (in the morning) to this man's wife, and if she confesses, stone her to death." The reported mentioned the rest of the previous Hadith. [Agreed upon]. Narrated Abu Dhar (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to me, "Say the truth even though it is bitter (i.e. difficult to admit)." [Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic) as a part of a long Hadith]. Narrated Samura bin Jundub (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The hand (which takes) is responsible for what it has taken till it returns it." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a. al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Give back what has been entrusted (to you) to him who has entrusted you, and do not violate the trust of him who violates your trust." [Reported by at-Tirmidhi and Abu Dawud; at-Tirmidhi graded it Hasan (good) and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic). Abu Hatim ar-Razi considered it Munkar (rejected)]. Narrated Ya'la bin Umaiya (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to me, "When my messengers come to you, give them thirty coats of armor." I asked, "O Allah's Messenger, is it a loan with a guarantee (of its return), or a borrowed object that must be returned?" He replied, "No, it is a borrowed object that must be returned." [Reported by Ahmad, Abu Dawud and an-Nasa'i. Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Safwan bin Umaiya (RA): At the battle of Hunain, the Prophet (ﷺ) borrowed coats of mail from him and he asked, "Are you taking them by force, O Muhammad (ﷺ)?" He replied, "No, it is a loan with a guarantee of their reutrn." [Reported by Abu Dawud and an-Nasa'i; al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. He also reported for this Hadith a Shahid (supporting narration) which is weak, from Ibn 'Abbas. Narrated Sa'id bin Zaid (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If anyone takes a span of land unjustly, on the Day of Resurrection Allah will strangle him with it from seven earths." [Agreed upon]. Narrated Anas (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) was with one of his wives when one of the Mothers of the Believers (another of his wives) sent a bowl containing food with a servant of hers. Then, she (in whose house he was) struck it with her hand and the bowl was broken. He collected the pieces of the bowl and began to collect the follow in it and said, "You eat," and gave an unbroken bowl to the messenger (servant) and kept the broken one. [Reported by al-Bukhari]. at-Tirmidhi named the one who broke it as 'Aishah (RA) and added: The Prophet (ﷺ) then said, "Food for food, and a vessel for a vessel." [at-Tirmidhi graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Rafi' bin Khadij (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Whoever sows in the land of a people without their permission, he has no right to any of the crop. However, he is entitled to what he spent on it." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a except an-Nasa'i. at-Tirmidhi graded it Hasan (good). It has been said that al-Bukhari graded it Da'if (weak). Narrated 'Urwa bin az-Zubair (RA): A man among the Companions of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Two men brought a dispute before Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) concerning a land in which one of them had planted palm trees and the land belonged to the other. So, Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) ruled that the land belongs to its owner, and commanded the owner of the palm trees to uproot his palm trees. He said, "The labor of an unjust person has no right." [Reported by Abu Dawud and its chain of narrators is Hasan (good). The last (quoted) part of the aforesaid Hadith is found in the books of the collections of as-Sunan, from 'Urwa's narration on the authority of Sa'id bin Zaid. However, there is disagreement regarding whether it is Mawsul (an unbroken chain) or Mursal (missing link after the Tabi'i) as well as the determination of the name of the Companion who heard it from the Prophet (ﷺ). Narrated Abu Bakra (RA): In his Khutbah (religious talk - sermon) on the Day of Sacrifice at Mina, the Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Your blood and your property and your honor are forbidden for you to violate, like the sacredness of this day of yours, in this month of yours, in this city of yours." [Agreed upon]. Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) ruled that the option to buy a partner's share in property is applicable to everything that has not been divided. However, when boundaries are fixed and separate roads are made there is no partner's option." [Agreed upon; the wording is al-Bukhari's]. Muslims' narration has: "The option to buy a partner's share in property is applicable to everything which is shared, whether land, a dwelling or a garden and it is not lawful to sell before informing one's partner." at-Tahawi's narration has: "The Prophet (ﷺ) ruled for the right of partner's option regarding everything." [Its narrators are reliable]. Narrated Abu Rafi' (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The neighbor has more right (to be given preference) to the property which is near to him." [al-Bukhari reported it, and there is a story related to it]. Narrated Anas bin Malik (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The neighbor of the house has the most right to buy it." [Reported by an-Nasa'i. Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic), but it (this chain from Qatada from Anas) has a defect]. Narrated Jabir (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The neighbor is most entitled to the right of option to buy his neighbor's property, and its exercise should be waited for, even if he is absent, if the two properties have one road." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a; its narrators are reliable (thiqah)]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "The option to buy neighboring property is like loosening the knot (which restraints the camel)." [Reported by Ibn Majah and al-Bazzar, who added: "And there is no option to buy a neighboring property for one who is absent." Its chain of narrators is Da'if (weak)]. Narrated Suhaib (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "There are three things which contain blessings: A business transaction in which payment is agreed on a fixed later time, al-Muqaradah (speculative partnership), and mixing wheat and barley for one's household use but not for sale." [Reported by Ibn Majah through a Da'if (weak) chain of narrators]. Narrated al-Hakim bin Hazim (RA): He used to make a condition on the man to whom he gave his property in al-Muqaradah (to trade with, and the profit being shared between them), that: "You should not trade with my property in living beings, and do not transport it by sea, and do not settle with it at the bottom of a river-bed; and if you do any of the aforesaid acts you should then guarantee my property." [ad-Daraqutni reported it and its narrators are reliable (thiqah)]. Malik said in al-Muwatta' from al-'Ala bin 'Abdur-Rahman bin Ya'qub from his father on the authority of his grandfather that he traded with some property belonging to 'Uthman (RA) so that the profit would be divided between them. [This hadith is Mawquf (saying of a Companion) Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) had agreed with the people of Khaibar to give (to the Muslim authority) half what it produced of fruits or crops. [Agreed upon]. A narration by al-Bukhari and Muslim has: They asked him (ﷺ) to allow them to stay on the land, on condition that they should do all the cultivation and have half the dates. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) replied to them, "We shall allow you to stay on the land, on that condition, as long as we wish." So they remained on the land till 'Umar (RA) expelled them. Muslim has: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) handed over to the Jews of Khaibar, the palm-trees and the land of Khaibar, on condition that they should employ their own resources in working on it and keep half of its produce. Narrated Hanzala bin Qais (RA): I asked Rafi' bin Khadij (RA) about renting land for gold and silver and he replied, "There is no harm in that, as the people used to rent land in the time of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) for what grew by the river-beds, and the edges of the brooks/streams, or for a portion of the crop. However, sometimes this portion of the crop would be destroyed while the other is saved, or vice-versa. Thus, there would be no wages to pay the people (the owners of the land) except for the portion which produced a crop." For this reason, he warned against this (practice). However, if it is (rented) for something known and guaranteed, then there is no harm in it. [Muslim reported it]. This narration contains a clarification of what was mentioned in general terms in the previous narration of al-Bukhari and Muslim, regarding the general prohibition of renting out land. Narrated Thabit bin Dahhak (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade al-Muzara'ah (employing people on land for a share of the produce), and ordered al-Mu'ajara (renting it out for cash). [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Ibn 'Abbas (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) had himself cupped and gave the one who cupped him his pay; and if it were prohibited he would not have given him (his pay). [Reported by al-Bukhari]. Narrated Rafi' bin Khadij (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The earnings of a cupper (Hajjam) are impure." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Allah, the Great and Glorious, has said, "There are three whose adversary I shall be on the Day of Resurrection: A man who gave a promise in My Name and then betrayed; a man who sold a free man and consumed his price; and a man who hired a worker and, after receiving full service from him, did not give him his wages.'" [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Ibn 'Abbas (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The most worthy thing for which you receive payment is Allah's Book." [Reported by al-Bukhari]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Give the hired worker his wage before his sweat dries." [Reported by Ibn Majah]. Narrated Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Whoever hires a worker should pay him his wages in full." [Reported by 'Abdur-Razzaq, and it has Inqita' (a break) in it's chain of narrators. al-Baihaqi reported it Mawsul (unbroken chain) through the narration of Abu Hanifah]. Narrated 'Urwa from 'Aishah (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "He who develops land that does not belong to anyone, has the most right to it." 'Urwa said that 'Umar ruled according to that during his caliphate. [Reported by al-Bukhari] Narrated Sa'id bin Zaid (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "If anyone makes a barren land productive, then it belongs to him." [Reported by ath-Thalatha. at-Tirmidhi graded it Hasan (good)]. And he (at-Tirmidhi) said that it was reported in a Mursal (missing link after the Tabi'i) form, which is the case. However, there is disagreement regarding the Companion who heard it from the Prophet (ﷺ), and it has been said that it was Jabir, 'Aishah or 'Abdullah bin 'Umar, and the strongest opinion is that it was the first one (i.e. Jabir). Narrated Ibn 'Abbas (RA) that as-Sa'b bin Jaththamah al-Laithi (RA) informed him that the Prophet (ﷺ) had said, "There is no preserve except what belongs to Allah and His Messenger." [Reported by al-Bukhari]. Narrated [Ibn 'Abbas (RA)]: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "There should neither be harming (of others without cause), nor reciprocating harm (between two parties)." [Reported by Ahmad and Ibn Majah]. Ibn Majah reported something similar to the aforesaid Hadith from Abu Sa'id's narration. It is found in al-Muwatta' in a Mursal form (missing link after the Tabi'i). Narrated Samurah bin Jundub (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If anyone puts a wall around a (barren) land, it belongs to him." [Reported by Abu Dawud and Ibn al-Jarud graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mughaffal (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ), "Whoever digs a well, shall have forty cubits (of land) as resting place for his animals near the water." [Reported by Ibn Majah through a weak chain of narrators]. Narrated 'Alqama bin Wa'il from his father (RA): "The Prophet (ﷺ) assigned him land in Hadramout." [Reported by Abu Dawud and at-Tirmidhi. Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) assigned az-Zubair the land his horse could cover at a run. He made his horse run, and when it stopped he threw his whip. He then said, "Give to him up to the spot his has reached. [Reported by Abu Dawud, but it has weakness]. Narrated A man of the Companions (RA): I went on an expedition with the Prophet (ﷺ) and heard him say, "People are partners in three things: grazing, pasture, water and fire." [Reported by Ahmad and Abu Dawud, and its narrators are reliable (thiqah)]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "When a son of Adam (i.e. any human being) dies his deeds are discontinued, with three exceptions: Sadaqah, whose benefit is continuous; or knowledge from which benefit continues to be reaped, or a righteous child who supplicates for him." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): 'Umar (RA) got some land in Khaibar and went to the Prophet (ﷺ) asking his command regarding it and said, "O Allah's Messenger, I have acquired a land in Khaibar which is the most valuable property that I have ever acquired." He replied, "If you wish you may make the property an endowment and give its produce as Sadaqah." So 'Umar (RA) gave the land as Sadaqah (in endowment on the condition) that must not be sold, inherited, or given away. And he gave its produce as Sadaqah to be devoted to the poor, relatives, the emancipation of salves, in Allah's Cause, for travelers and guests, and there is no sin upon the one who administers it if he eats something from it in a reasonable manner or gives something to a friend to eat, provided he does not store anything as goods (for himself). [Agreed upon; the wording is Muslim's]. A narration by al-Bukhari has: "He gave the land in Sadaqah (as an endowment) that must not be sold or gifted, but its produce must be spent (as Sadaqah)." Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) sent 'Umar (RA) to collect Sadaqah..." The narrator reported the Hadith and it contains: "As for Khalid, he has kept back his coats of mail and weapons to use them in Allah's Cause." [Agreed upon]. Narrated an-Nu'man bin Bashir (RA): His father brought him to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) and said, "I have given this son of mine a slave, who was belonging to me." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) asked, "Have you given all your children the like of him?" He replied, "No." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) then said, "Take him back then." A narration has: My father went then to the Prophet (ﷺ) to call him as a witness to my Sadaqah (i.e. gift) and he asked, "Have you done the same with all your children?" He replied, "No." He said, "Fear Allah and treat your children equally." My father then returned and took back that gift. [Agreed upon]. A narration by Muslim has: He said, "Call someone other than me as a witness to this." He then said, "Would you like them to be equal in their kind treatment of you?" He replied, "Yes." He said, "Don't do it, then." Narrated Ibn 'Abbas (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "The one who repossesses a gift is like a dog which vomits and then returns to its vomit." [Agreed upon]. A narration by al-Bukhari has: "An evil example does not apply to us, one who repossesses a gift is like a dog which vomits and then returns to its vomit." Narrated Ibn 'Umar and Ibn 'Abbas (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "It is not lawful for a Muslim man to give a gift and then take it back, except a father regarding what he gives a child." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a. at-Tirmidhi, Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated 'Aishah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) would accept a gift and give something in return for it. [Reported by al-Bukhari]. Narrated Ibn 'Abbas (RA): A man gave away a she-camel to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). So he gave him something in return for it and asked, "Are you pleased?" He replied, "No." So he gave him more and asked, "Are you pleased?" He replied, "No." Again he gave him more and asked, "Are you pleased?" He replied, "Yes." [Reported by Ahmad and Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Jabir (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "What is given in life-tenancy belongs to the one to whom it is given." [Agreed upon]. Muslim has: "Keep your properties for yourselves and do not squander them, for if anyone gives a life-tenancy it goes to the one to whom it is given, both during his life and after his death, and to his descendants." A narration has: "The life-tenancy which Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) allowed was only that in which one says, 'It is for you and your descendants.' However, if he says, 'It is yours as long as you live', it returns to its owner." Abu Dawud and an-Nasa'i have: "Do not give property "to go to the survivor" and do not give "life-tenancy", for if anyone is given either, the property goes to his heirs." Narrated 'Umar (RA): I provided a man with a horse to ride in Allah's Cause, but as he did not look after it well, I thought he would sell it at a cheap price. I therefore asked Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) about that and he said, "Do not buy it even if he gives it to you for a Dirham..." The narrator reported the rest of the Hadith. [Agreed upon]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Give gifts to one another and you will love one another." [al-Bukhari reported it in al-Adab al-Mufrad; Abu Ya'la reported it with a Hasan (good) chain of narrators]. Narrated Anas (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Give gifts to one another, for (giving) gifts gently extracts resentment and ill-will." [al-Bazzar reported it through a Da'if (weak) chain of narrators]. Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "O Muslim women, a woman neighbor should not consider even a goat's hoof too insignificant a gift to give to her neighbor." [Agreed upon]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "If anyone gives away a gift, he has most right to it as long as he is given nothing in return for it." [al-Hakim reported and graded it Sahih (authentic). However, the stronger narration is Ibn 'Umar's narration on the authority of 'Umar (RA) as a saying of 'Umar]. Narrated Anas (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) came upon a date on the road and said, "Were it not that I fear it may be part of the Sadaqah I would eat it." [Agreed upon]. Narrated Zaid bin Khalid al-Juhani (RA): A man came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and asked him about an item found (in the street). He replied, "Note what it is contained in, and what it is tied with, and make the matter known for a year. Then, if its owner comes (give it to him). Otherwise, you can do what you like with it." He asked, "What about astray sheep?" He replied, "It is for your, your brother, or the wolf." He asked, "What about astray camels?" He replied, "What have you to do with them? They have their stomachs and their feet. They can go down to water and eat trees till their master finds them." [Agreed upon]. Narrated [Zaid bin Khalid (RA)]: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "He who shelters a stray (animal) is astray himself if he does not make it known." [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated Iyad bin Himar (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "He who finds something should call two trusty people as witnesses, keep in mind what it is contained in, and what it is tied with, and not conceal it or cover it up. Then, if its owner comes, he has the most right to it. Otherwise, it is Allah's property which He gives to whomever He wills." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a excluding Tirmidhi. Ibn Khuzaimah, Ibn al-Jarud and Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated 'Abdur-Rahman bin 'Uthman at-Taimi (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) prohibited taking what a pilgrim has dropped (lost). [Reported by Muslim]. Narrated al-Miqdam bin Ma'dikarib (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "A beast of prey with a fang, a domestic donkey, and a lost item from the property of a Mu'ahid (a disbeliever who has been given a covenant) - unless it is something worthless - are not lawful." [Reported by Abu Dawud]. Narrated Ibn 'Abbas (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ), "Give the prescribed shares to those who are entitled to them, and what remains goes to the nearest male relative (of the deceased)." [Agreed upon]. Narrated Usamah bin Zaid (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "A Muslim does not inherit from an infidel and an infidel does not inherit from a Muslim." [Agreed upon]. Narrated Ibn Mas'ud (RA) concerning the situation where there was a daughter, a son's daughter and a sister: The Prophet (ﷺ) ruled, "The daughter gets half and the son's daughter gets a sixth, completing two-thirds, and what remains goes to the sister." [Reported by al-Bukhari]. Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Amr (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "People of two different religions do not inherit from one another." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a except at-Tirmidhi]. al-Hakim reported it with Usamah's wording. an-Nasa'i reported Usamah's Hadith with the aforesaid wording. Narrated 'Imran bin Husain (RA): A man came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said, "My son's son (grandson) has died, so what do I receive from his estate (inheritance)?" He replied, "You receive a sixth;" then when he turned away he called him and said, "You receive another sixth;" and when he turned away he called him and said, "The other sixth is an allowance (beyond what is due)." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a. at-Tirmidhi graded it Sahih (authentic)]. It is from al-Hasan al-Basri's narration on the authority of 'Imran. However, it has been said that al-Hasan did not hear (Hadith) from 'Imran]. Narrated Ibn Buraidah (RA) on the authority of his father: The Prophet (ﷺ) appointed a sixth to a grandmother if no mother is left to inherit before her. [Reported by Abu Dawud and an-Nasa'i. Ibn Khuzaimah and Ibn al-Jarud graded it Sahih (authentic) and Ibn 'Adi graded it strong]. Narrated al-Miqdam bin Ma'dikarib (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "A maternal uncle is heir of him who has no inheritor." [Ahmad and al-Arba'a reported it excluding at-Tirmidhi. Abu Zur'a ar-Razi graded it Hasan (good), and al-Hakim and Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic). Narrated Abu Umamah bin Sahl (RA): 'Umar (RA) wrote to Abu Ubaidah (RA) that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) had said: "Allah and His Messenger are the Patrons of him who has none and a maternal uncle is the heir of him who has no inheritor." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a except Abu Dawud. at-Tirmidhi graded it Hasan (good); Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated Jabir (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "When a new born cries (at the time of birth) (and then dies), it is treated as a hair." [Reported by Abu Dawud and graded as Sahih (authentic) by Ibn Hibban]. Narrated 'Amr bin Shu'aib on his father's authority from his grandfather (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "One who kills a man cannot inherit anything from him." [Reported by an-Nasa'i and ad-Daraqutni. Ibn 'Abdul-Barr graded it Qawiy (strong), while an-Nasa'i declared it to be defective. The right opinion is that it is Mawquf (a saying of a Companion) from 'Umar]. Narrated 'Umar bin al-Khattab (RA): I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying, "The property which a parent or a child has a right to, goes to his 'Asabah (paternal relatives) whoever it may be. [Reported by Abu Dawud, an-Nasa'i and Ibn Majah. Ibn al-Madini and Ibn 'Abdul-Barr graded it Sahih (authentic)]. Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Umar (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The right to inheritance from a freed slave is a relationship like the relationship of blood relatives (lineage); it cannot be sold or given away." [al-Hakim reported it through ash-Shafi'i's narration from Muhammad bin al-Hasan on the authority of Abu Yusuf. Ibn Hibban graded it Sahih (authentic), while al-Baihaqi graded it defective]. Narrated Abu Qilabah on the authority of Anas (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The most versed in the rules of inheritance among you is Zaid bin Thabit." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a except Abu Dawud. at-Tirmidhi, Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim graded it Sahih (authentic). However, it was considered defective due to being Mursal (missing link in the chain after the Tabi'i)]. Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA): Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "It is not permissible for a Muslim person, who has something he wants to give as a bequest, to have it for two nights without having his will regarding it written and kept ready with him." [Agreed upon]. Narrated Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas (RA): I said, "O Allah's Messenger, I have wealth and no one to inherit from me except my one daughter. Shall I give two-thirds of my property as Sadaqah?" He replied, "No." I said, "Shall I give half of it as Sadaqah?" He replied, "No." I said, "Shall I give a third of it as Sadaqah?" He replied, "You may give a third as Sadaqah, which is still a lot. To leave your heirs rich is better than to leave them poor and begging from people." [Agreed upon]. Narrated 'Aishah (RA): A man came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said, "O Allah's Messenger, my mother had died suddenly, and did not make a will. And I think she would have given out Sadaqah if she had been able to speak, so will she get a reward if I gave out Sadaqah on her behalf?" He replied, "Yes." [Agreed upon; the wording is Muslim's]. Narrated Abu Umamah al-Bahili (RA): I heard Allah's Messeneger (ﷺ) saying, "Allah has appointed for everyone who has a right what is due to him, and no Wasiyah (will) should be made to an heir." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a except an-Nasa'i. Ahmad and at-Tirmidhi graded it Hasan (good), while Ibn Khuzaimah and Ibn al-Jarud graded it Qawiy (strong)]. ad-Daraqutni reported the aforesaid Hadith from the narration of Ibn 'Abbas (RA); and he added in its end: "unless the other heirs wish so." [Its chain of narrators is Hasan (good)]. Narrated Mu'adh bin Jabal (RA): The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Allah gave (a favor) as Sadaqah to you a third of your property, when you are about to die, as an increase in your good deeds." [Reported by ad-Daraqutni]. Ahmad and al-Bazzar reported the aforesaid narration from the Hadith of Abu ad-Darda. While Ibn Majah reported it from the Hadith of Abu Hurairah (RA). All of them (i.e. these three chains of narrators) are weak. However, they may strengthen one another (becoming Hasan), and Allah Knows Best. Narrated 'Amr bin Shu'aib on his father's authority from his grandfather: The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "There is no liability on him who is entrusted with something." [Ibn Majah reported it, but its chain narrators is Da'if (weak)]. The Chapter on the division of Sadaqah has preceded at the end of the Book of Zakat. The Chapter on the division of tributes from territories the Muslims have conquered, and spoils of war, will follow the Book of Jihad, if Allah the Most High wills.